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<title>Machine-dependent software</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Machine-dependent software</span></span>

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</style><p><b>Machine-dependent software</b> is <a href="Software" title="Software">software</a> that runs only on a specific <a href="Computer" title="Computer">computer</a>. Applications that run on multiple <a href="Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">computer architectures</a> are called machine-independent, or <a href="Cross-platform_software" title="Cross-platform software">cross-platform</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many organisations opt for such software because they believe that machine-dependent software is an asset and will attract more buyers. Organizations that want application software to work on heterogeneous computers may port that software to the other machines. Deploying machine-dependent applications on such architectures, such applications require porting. This procedure includes composing, or re-composing, the application's code to suit the target platform.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Porting">Porting</h2></div>

<p>Porting is the process of converting an application from one architecture to another.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Software languages such as <a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> are designed so that applications can migrate across architectures without source code modifications. The term is applied when programming/equipment is changed to make it usable in a different architecture.

</p><p>Code that does not operate properly on a specific system must be <i>ported</i> to another system.

</p><p>Porting effort depends upon a few variables, including the degree to which the first environment (the source stage) varies from the new environment (the objective stage) and the experience of the creators in knowing platform-specific programming dialects.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Many languages offer a machine independent intermediate code that can be processed by platform-specific interpreters to address incompatibilities.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transitional representation characterises a virtual machine that can execute all modules written in the intermediate dialect. The intermediate code guidelines are interpreted into distinct machine code arrangements by a code generator to make executable code. The intermediate code may also be executed directly without static conversion into platform-specific code.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Approaches">Approaches</h2></div>

<ul><li>Port the translator. This can be coded in portable code.</li>

<li>Adapt the source code to the new machine.</li>

<li>Execute the adjusted source utilizing the translator with the code generator source as data. This will produce the machine code for the code generator.</li></ul>

<ul><li><a href="Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li>

<li><a href="Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java (programming language)</a></li>

<li><a href="Hardware-dependent_software" title="Hardware-dependent software">Hardware-dependent software</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Agrawala, & Rauscher (2014)</span>

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<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rashid, Patnaik, & Bhattacherjee, 2014</span>

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<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huang, Li, & Xie, 2015</span>

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<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathur, Miles, & Du, 2015</span>

</li>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li>Agrawala, A. K., & Rauscher, T. G., 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1Z2jBQAAQBAJ&q=%22Machine-dependent+software%22">Foundations of microprogramming: architecture, software, and applications</a>, <i>Academic press</i></li>

<li>Huang, J., Li, Y. F., & Xie, M., 2015, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0950584915001275">An empirical analysis of data preprocessing for machine learning-based software cost estimation</a>, <i>Information and Software Technology</i>, 67, 108–127</li>

<li>Lee, J. H., Yu, J. M., & Lee, D. H., 2013, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jae_Min_Yu/publication/257337906_A_tabu_search_algorithm_for_unrelated_parallel_machine_scheduling_with_sequence-_and_machine-dependent_setups_Minimizing_total_tardiness/links/54eac7450cf2f7aa4d57fce2/A-tabu-search-algorithm-for-unrelated-parallel-machine-scheduling-with-sequence-and-machine-dependent-setups-Minimizing-total-tardiness.pdf">A tabu search algorithm for unrelated parallel machine scheduling with sequence-and machine-dependent setups: minimizing total tardiness</a>, <i>The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology</i>, 69(9–12), 2081–2089</li>

<li>Lin, S. W., & Ying, K. C., 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0305054814001427">ABC-based manufacturing scheduling for unrelated parallel machines with machine-dependent and job sequence-dependent setup times</a>, <i>Computers & Operations Research</i>, 51, 172–181</li>

<li>Mathur, R., Miles, S., & Du, M., 2015, Adaptive Automation: Leveraging Machine Learning to Support Uninterrupted Automated Testing of Software Applications, <i>arXiv preprint <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1508.00671">1508.00671</a></span></i></li>

<li>Rashid, E. A., Patnaik, S. B., & Bhattacherjee, V. C., 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.846.4890&rep=rep1&type=pdf">Machine learning and software quality prediction: as an expert system</a>, <i>International Journal of Information Engineering and Electronic Business (IJIEEB)</i>, 6(2), 9</li>

<li>Röhrich, T., & Welfonder, E., 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474667017601356">Machine Independent Software Wiring and Programming of Distributed Digital Control Systems</a>, In Digital Computer Applications to Process Control: Proceedings of the 7th IFAC/IFIP/IMACS Conference, Vienna, Austria, 17–20 September 1985 (p. 247), <i>Elsevier</i></li>

<li>Shepperd, M., Bowes, D., & Hall, T., 2014, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/127414/1/Bias.pdf">Researcher bias: The use of machine learning in software defect prediction</a>, Software Engineering, <i>IEEE Transactions on</i>, 40(6), 603–616</li>

<li>Wang, J. B., Sun, L. H., & Sun, L. Y., 2011, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0307904X1000363X">Single-machine total completion time scheduling with a time-dependent deterioration</a>, <i>Applied Mathematical Modelling</i>, 35(3), 1506–1511</li>

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